package org.opentrafficsim.graphs; import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; import java.text.NumberFormat; import java.text.ParseException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Locale; import javax.swing.ButtonGroup; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JLabel; import javax.swing.JMenu; import javax.swing.JPopupMenu; import javax.swing.JRadioButtonMenuItem; import javax.swing.SwingConstants; import javax.swing.event.EventListenerList; import org.djunits.unit.LengthUnit; import org.djunits.unit.TimeUnit; import org.djunits.value.StorageType; import org.djunits.value.ValueException; import org.djunits.value.vdouble.scalar.DoubleScalar; import org.djunits.value.vdouble.scalar.Length; import org.djunits.value.vdouble.scalar.Time; import org.djunits.value.vdouble.vector.LengthVector; import org.jfree.chart.ChartPanel; import org.jfree.chart.JFreeChart; import org.jfree.chart.LegendItem; import org.jfree.chart.LegendItemCollection; import org.jfree.chart.axis.NumberAxis; import org.jfree.chart.event.PlotChangeEvent; import org.jfree.chart.plot.XYPlot; import org.jfree.chart.renderer.xy.XYBlockRenderer; import org.jfree.data.DomainOrder; import org.jfree.data.general.DatasetChangeEvent; import org.jfree.data.general.DatasetChangeListener; import org.jfree.data.general.DatasetGroup; import org.jfree.data.xy.XYZDataset; import org.opentrafficsim.core.gtu.GTUException; import org.opentrafficsim.core.network.NetworkException; import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.lane.LaneBasedGTU; import org.opentrafficsim.road.network.lane.Lane; import org.opentrafficsim.simulationengine.OTSSimulationException; /** * Common code for a contour plot.
* The data collection code for acceleration assumes constant acceleration during the evaluation period of the GTU. *

* Copyright (c) 2013-2015 Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5, 2600 AA, Delft, the Netherlands. All rights reserved.
* BSD-style license. See OpenTrafficSim License. *

* $LastChangedDate: 2015-09-14 01:33:02 +0200 (Mon, 14 Sep 2015) $, @version $Revision: 1401 $, by $Author: averbraeck $, * initial version Jul 16, 2014
* @author Peter Knoppers */ public abstract class ContourPlot extends JFrame implements ActionListener, XYZDataset, MultipleViewerChart, LaneBasedGTUSampler { /** */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 20140716L; /** Caption of the graph. */ private final String caption; /** Color scale for the graph. */ private final ContinuousColorPaintScale paintScale; /** Definition of the X-axis. */ @SuppressWarnings("visibilitymodifier") protected final Axis xAxis; /** Definition of the Y-axis. */ @SuppressWarnings("visibilitymodifier") protected final Axis yAxis; /** Difference of successive values in the legend. */ private final double legendStep; /** Format string used to create the captions in the legend. */ private final String legendFormat; /** Time granularity values. */ protected static final double[] STANDARDTIMEGRANULARITIES = { 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 300, 600 }; /** Index of the initial time granularity in standardTimeGranularites. */ protected static final int STANDARDINITIALTIMEGRANULARITYINDEX = 3; /** Distance granularity values. */ protected static final double[] STANDARDDISTANCEGRANULARITIES = { 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 }; /** Index of the initial distance granularity in standardTimeGranularites. */ protected static final int STANDARDINITIALDISTANCEGRANULARITYINDEX = 3; /** Initial lower bound for the time scale. */ protected static final Time.Abs INITIALLOWERTIMEBOUND = new Time.Abs(0, TimeUnit.SECOND); /** Initial upper bound for the time scale. */ protected static final Time.Abs INITIALUPPERTIMEBOUND = new Time.Abs(300, TimeUnit.SECOND); /** The series of Lanes that provide the data for this TrajectoryPlot. */ private final ArrayList path; /** The cumulative lengths of the elements of path. */ private final LengthVector.Rel cumulativeLengths; /** * Create a new ContourPlot. * @param caption String; text to show above the plotting area * @param xAxis Axis; the X (time) axis * @param path ArrayList<Lane>; the series of Lanes that will provide the data for this TrajectoryPlot * @param redValue Double; contour value that will be rendered in Red * @param yellowValue Double; contour value that will be rendered in Yellow * @param greenValue Double; contour value that will be rendered in Green * @param valueFormat String; format string for the contour values * @param legendFormat String; format string for the captions in the color legend * @param legendStep Double; increment between color legend entries * @throws OTSSimulationException when the scale cannot be generated */ public ContourPlot(final String caption, final Axis xAxis, final List path, final double redValue, final double yellowValue, final double greenValue, final String valueFormat, final String legendFormat, final double legendStep) throws OTSSimulationException { this.caption = caption; this.path = new ArrayList(path); // make a copy double[] endLengths = new double[path.size()]; double cumulativeLength = 0; LengthVector.Rel lengths = null; for (int i = 0; i < path.size(); i++) { Lane lane = path.get(i); lane.addSampler(this); cumulativeLength += lane.getLength().getSI(); endLengths[i] = cumulativeLength; } try { lengths = new LengthVector.Rel(endLengths, LengthUnit.SI, StorageType.DENSE); } catch (ValueException exception) { exception.printStackTrace(); } this.cumulativeLengths = lengths; this.xAxis = xAxis; this.yAxis = new Axis(new Length.Rel(0, LengthUnit.METER), getCumulativeLength(-1), STANDARDDISTANCEGRANULARITIES, STANDARDDISTANCEGRANULARITIES[STANDARDINITIALDISTANCEGRANULARITYINDEX], "", "Distance", "%.0fm"); this.legendStep = legendStep; this.legendFormat = legendFormat; extendXRange(xAxis.getMaximumValue()); double[] boundaries = { redValue, yellowValue, greenValue }; final Color[] colorValues = { Color.RED, Color.YELLOW, Color.GREEN }; this.paintScale = new ContinuousColorPaintScale(valueFormat, boundaries, colorValues); createChart(this); reGraph(); } /** * Retrieve the cumulative length of the sampled path at the end of a path element. * @param index int; the index of the path element; if -1, the total length of the path is returned * @return Length.Rel; the cumulative length at the end of the specified path element */ public final Length.Rel getCumulativeLength(final int index) { int useIndex = -1 == index ? this.cumulativeLengths.size() - 1 : index; try { return new Length.Rel(this.cumulativeLengths.get(useIndex)); } catch (ValueException exception) { exception.printStackTrace(); } return null; // NOTREACHED } /** * Create a JMenu to let the user set the granularity of the XYBlockChart. * @param menuName String; caption for the new JMenu * @param format String; format string for the values in the items under the new JMenu * @param commandPrefix String; prefix for the actionCommand of the items under the new JMenu * @param values double[]; array of values to be formatted using the format strings to yield the items under the new JMenu * @param currentValue double; the currently selected value (used to put the bullet on the correct item) * @return JMenu with JRadioMenuItems for the values and a bullet on the currentValue item */ private JMenu buildMenu(final String menuName, final String format, final String commandPrefix, final double[] values, final double currentValue) { final JMenu result = new JMenu(menuName); // Enlighten me: Do the menu items store a reference to the ButtonGroup so it won't get garbage collected? final ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup(); for (double value : values) { final JRadioButtonMenuItem item = new JRadioButtonMenuItem(String.format(format, value)); item.setSelected(value == currentValue); item.setActionCommand(commandPrefix + String.format(Locale.US, " %f", value)); item.addActionListener(this); result.add(item); group.add(item); } return result; } /** * Create a XYBlockChart. * @param container JFrame; the JFrame that will be populated with the chart and the status label * @return JFreeChart; the new XYBlockChart */ private JFreeChart createChart(final JFrame container) { final JLabel statusLabel = new JLabel(" ", SwingConstants.CENTER); container.add(statusLabel, BorderLayout.SOUTH); final NumberAxis xAxis1 = new NumberAxis("\u2192 " + "time [s]"); xAxis1.setLowerMargin(0.0); xAxis1.setUpperMargin(0.0); final NumberAxis yAxis1 = new NumberAxis("\u2192 " + "Distance [m]"); yAxis1.setAutoRangeIncludesZero(false); yAxis1.setLowerMargin(0.0); yAxis1.setUpperMargin(0.0); yAxis1.setStandardTickUnits(NumberAxis.createIntegerTickUnits()); XYBlockRenderer renderer = new XYBlockRenderer(); renderer.setPaintScale(this.paintScale); final XYPlot plot = new XYPlot(this, xAxis1, yAxis1, renderer); final LegendItemCollection legend = new LegendItemCollection(); for (int i = 0;; i++) { double value = this.paintScale.getLowerBound() + i * this.legendStep; if (value > this.paintScale.getUpperBound()) { break; } legend.add(new LegendItem(String.format(this.legendFormat, value), this.paintScale.getPaint(value))); } legend.add(new LegendItem("No data", Color.BLACK)); plot.setFixedLegendItems(legend); plot.setBackgroundPaint(Color.lightGray); plot.setDomainGridlinePaint(Color.white); plot.setRangeGridlinePaint(Color.white); final JFreeChart chart = new JFreeChart(this.caption, plot); FixCaption.fixCaption(chart); chart.setBackgroundPaint(Color.white); final ChartPanel cp = new ChartPanel(chart); final PointerHandler ph = new PointerHandler() { /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override void updateHint(final double domainValue, final double rangeValue) { if (Double.isNaN(domainValue)) { statusLabel.setText(" "); return; } // XYPlot plot = (XYPlot) getChartPanel().getChart().getPlot(); XYZDataset dataset = (XYZDataset) plot.getDataset(); String value = ""; double roundedTime = domainValue; double roundedDistance = rangeValue; for (int item = dataset.getItemCount(0); --item >= 0;) { double x = dataset.getXValue(0, item); if (x + ContourPlot.this.xAxis.getCurrentGranularity() / 2 < domainValue || x - ContourPlot.this.xAxis.getCurrentGranularity() / 2 >= domainValue) { continue; } double y = dataset.getYValue(0, item); if (y + ContourPlot.this.yAxis.getCurrentGranularity() / 2 < rangeValue || y - ContourPlot.this.yAxis.getCurrentGranularity() / 2 >= rangeValue) { continue; } roundedTime = x; roundedDistance = y; double valueUnderMouse = dataset.getZValue(0, item); // System.out.println("Value under mouse is " + valueUnderMouse); if (Double.isNaN(valueUnderMouse)) { break; } String format = ((ContinuousColorPaintScale) (((XYBlockRenderer) (plot.getRenderer(0))).getPaintScale())) .getFormat(); value = String.format(format, valueUnderMouse); } statusLabel.setText(String.format("time %.0fs, distance %.0fm, %s", roundedTime, roundedDistance, value)); } }; cp.addMouseMotionListener(ph); cp.addMouseListener(ph); container.add(cp, BorderLayout.CENTER); cp.setMouseWheelEnabled(true); JPopupMenu popupMenu = cp.getPopupMenu(); popupMenu.add(new JPopupMenu.Separator()); popupMenu.add(StandAloneChartWindow.createMenuItem(this)); popupMenu.insert( buildMenu("Distance granularity", "%.0f m", "setDistanceGranularity", this.yAxis.getGranularities(), this.yAxis.getCurrentGranularity()), 0); popupMenu.insert( buildMenu("Time granularity", "%.0f s", "setTimeGranularity", this.xAxis.getGranularities(), this.xAxis.getCurrentGranularity()), 1); return chart; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final void actionPerformed(final ActionEvent actionEvent) { final String command = actionEvent.getActionCommand(); // System.out.println("command is \"" + command + "\""); String[] fields = command.split("[ ]"); if (fields.length == 2) { final NumberFormat nf = NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.US); double value; try { value = nf.parse(fields[1]).doubleValue(); } catch (ParseException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Bad value: " + fields[1]); } if (fields[0].equalsIgnoreCase("setDistanceGranularity")) { this.getYAxis().setCurrentGranularity(value); clearCachedValues(); } else if (fields[0].equalsIgnoreCase("setTimeGranularity")) { this.getXAxis().setCurrentGranularity(value); clearCachedValues(); } else { throw new RuntimeException("Unknown ActionEvent"); } reGraph(); } else { throw new RuntimeException("Unknown ActionEvent: " + command); } } /** * Redraw this ContourGraph (after the underlying data, or a granularity setting has been changed). */ public final void reGraph() { for (DatasetChangeListener dcl : this.listenerList.getListeners(DatasetChangeListener.class)) { if (dcl instanceof XYPlot) { final XYPlot plot = (XYPlot) dcl; plot.notifyListeners(new PlotChangeEvent(plot)); final XYBlockRenderer blockRenderer = (XYBlockRenderer) plot.getRenderer(); blockRenderer.setBlockHeight(this.getYAxis().getCurrentGranularity()); blockRenderer.setBlockWidth(this.getXAxis().getCurrentGranularity()); // configureAxis(((XYPlot) dcl).getDomainAxis(), this.maximumTime.getSI()); } } notifyListeners(new DatasetChangeEvent(this, null)); // This guess work actually works! } /** * Notify interested parties of an event affecting this ContourPlot. * @param event DatasetChangedEvent */ private void notifyListeners(final DatasetChangeEvent event) { for (DatasetChangeListener dcl : this.listenerList.getListeners(DatasetChangeListener.class)) { dcl.datasetChanged(event); } } /** List of parties interested in changes of this ContourPlot. */ private transient EventListenerList listenerList = new EventListenerList(); /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final int getSeriesCount() { return 1; } /** Cached result of yAxisBins. */ private int cachedYAxisBins = -1; /** * Retrieve the number of cells to use along the distance axis. * @return Integer; the number of cells to use along the distance axis */ protected final int yAxisBins() { if (this.cachedYAxisBins >= 0) { return this.cachedYAxisBins; } this.cachedYAxisBins = this.getYAxis().getAggregatedBinCount(); return this.cachedYAxisBins; } /** * Return the y-axis bin number (the row number) of an item.
* Do not rely on the (current) fact that the data is stored column by column! * @param item Integer; the item * @return Integer; the bin number along the y axis of the item */ protected final int yAxisBin(final int item) { int maxItem = getItemCount(0); if (item < 0 || item >= maxItem) { throw new RuntimeException("yAxisBin: item out of range (value is " + item + "), valid range is 0.." + maxItem); } return item % yAxisBins(); } /** * Return the x-axis bin number (the column number) of an item.
* Do not rely on the (current) fact that the data is stored column by column! * @param item Integer; the item * @return Integer; the bin number along the x axis of the item */ protected final int xAxisBin(final int item) { int maxItem = getItemCount(0); if (item < 0 || item >= maxItem) { throw new RuntimeException("xAxisBin: item out of range (value is " + item + "), valid range is 0.." + maxItem); } return item / yAxisBins(); } /** Cached result of xAxisBins. */ private int cachedXAxisBins = -1; /** * Retrieve the number of cells to use along the time axis. * @return Integer; the number of cells to use along the time axis */ protected final int xAxisBins() { if (this.cachedXAxisBins >= 0) { return this.cachedXAxisBins; } this.cachedXAxisBins = this.getXAxis().getAggregatedBinCount(); return this.cachedXAxisBins; } /** Cached result of getItemCount. */ private int cachedItemCount = -1; /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final int getItemCount(final int series) { if (this.cachedItemCount >= 0) { return this.cachedItemCount; } this.cachedItemCount = yAxisBins() * xAxisBins(); return this.cachedItemCount; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final Number getX(final int series, final int item) { return getXValue(series, item); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final double getXValue(final int series, final int item) { double result = this.getXAxis().getValue(xAxisBin(item)); // System.out.println(String.format("XValue(%d, %d) -> %.3f, binCount=%d", series, item, result, // this.yAxisDefinition.getAggregatedBinCount())); return result; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final Number getY(final int series, final int item) { return getYValue(series, item); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final double getYValue(final int series, final int item) { return this.getYAxis().getValue(yAxisBin(item)); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final Number getZ(final int series, final int item) { return getZValue(series, item); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final void addChangeListener(final DatasetChangeListener listener) { this.listenerList.add(DatasetChangeListener.class, listener); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final void removeChangeListener(final DatasetChangeListener listener) { this.listenerList.remove(DatasetChangeListener.class, listener); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final DatasetGroup getGroup() { return null; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public void setGroup(final DatasetGroup group) { // ignore } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") @Override public final int indexOf(final Comparable seriesKey) { return 0; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final DomainOrder getDomainOrder() { return DomainOrder.ASCENDING; } /** * Make sure that the results of the most called methods are re-calculated. */ private void clearCachedValues() { this.cachedItemCount = -1; this.cachedXAxisBins = -1; this.cachedYAxisBins = -1; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final void addData(final LaneBasedGTU car, final Lane lane) throws NetworkException, GTUException { // System.out.println("addData car: " + car + ", lastEval: " + car.getSimulator().getSimulatorTime() // + " position of rear on lane " + lane + " is " + car.position(lane, car.getRear())); // Convert the position of the car to a position on path. double lengthOffset = 0; int index = this.path.indexOf(lane); if (index >= 0) { if (index > 0) { try { lengthOffset = this.cumulativeLengths.getSI(index - 1); } catch (ValueException exception) { exception.printStackTrace(); } } } else { throw new RuntimeException("Cannot happen: Lane is not in the path"); } final Time.Abs fromTime = car.getOperationalPlan().getStartTime(); if (car.position(lane, car.getRear(), fromTime).getSI() < 0 && lengthOffset > 0) { return; } final Time.Abs toTime = car.getOperationalPlan().getEndTime(); if (toTime.getSI() > this.getXAxis().getMaximumValue().getSI()) { extendXRange(toTime); clearCachedValues(); this.getXAxis().adjustMaximumValue(toTime); } if (toTime.le(fromTime)) // degenerate sample??? { return; } // The "relative" values are "counting" distance or time in the minimum bin size unit final double relativeFromDistance = (car.position(lane, car.getRear(), fromTime).getSI() + lengthOffset) / this.getYAxis().getGranularities()[0]; final double relativeToDistance = (car.position(lane, car.getRear(), toTime).getSI() + lengthOffset) / this.getYAxis().getGranularities()[0]; double relativeFromTime = (fromTime.getSI() - this.getXAxis().getMinimumValue().getSI()) / this.getXAxis().getGranularities()[0]; final double relativeToTime = (toTime.getSI() - this.getXAxis().getMinimumValue().getSI()) / this.getXAxis().getGranularities()[0]; final int fromTimeBin = (int) Math.floor(relativeFromTime); final int toTimeBin = (int) Math.floor(relativeToTime) + 1; double relativeMeanSpeed = (relativeToDistance - relativeFromDistance) / (relativeToTime - relativeFromTime); // The code for acceleration assumes that acceleration is constant (which is correct for IDM+, but may be // wrong for other car following algorithms). double acceleration = car.getAcceleration(car.getOperationalPlan().getStartTime()).getSI(); for (int timeBin = fromTimeBin; timeBin < toTimeBin; timeBin++) { if (timeBin < 0) { continue; } double binEndTime = timeBin + 1; if (binEndTime > relativeToTime) { binEndTime = relativeToTime; } if (binEndTime <= relativeFromTime) { continue; // no time spent in this timeBin } double binDistanceStart = (car.position(lane, car.getRear(), new Time.Abs(relativeFromTime * this.getXAxis().getGranularities()[0], TimeUnit.SECOND)).getSI() - this.getYAxis().getMinimumValue().getSI() + lengthOffset) / this.getYAxis().getGranularities()[0]; double binDistanceEnd = (car.position(lane, car.getRear(), new Time.Abs(binEndTime * this.getXAxis().getGranularities()[0], TimeUnit.SECOND)).getSI() - this.getYAxis().getMinimumValue().getSI() + lengthOffset) / this.getYAxis().getGranularities()[0]; // Compute the time in each distanceBin for (int distanceBin = (int) Math.floor(binDistanceStart); distanceBin <= binDistanceEnd; distanceBin++) { double relativeDuration = 1; if (relativeFromTime > timeBin) { relativeDuration -= relativeFromTime - timeBin; } if (distanceBin == (int) Math.floor(binDistanceEnd)) { // This GTU does not move out of this distanceBin before the binEndTime if (binEndTime < timeBin + 1) { relativeDuration -= timeBin + 1 - binEndTime; } } else { // This GTU moves out of this distanceBin before the binEndTime // Interpolate the time when this GTU crosses into the next distanceBin // Using f.i. Newton-Rhaphson interpolation would yield a slightly more precise result... double timeToBinBoundary = (distanceBin + 1 - binDistanceStart) / relativeMeanSpeed; double endTime = relativeFromTime + timeToBinBoundary; relativeDuration -= timeBin + 1 - endTime; } final double duration = relativeDuration * this.getXAxis().getGranularities()[0]; final double distance = duration * relativeMeanSpeed * this.getYAxis().getGranularities()[0]; // System.out.println(String.format( // "timeBin=%d, distanceBin=%d, duration=%f, distance=%f, timeBinSize=%f, distanceBinSize=%f", timeBin, // distanceBin, duration, distance, this.getYAxis().getGranularities()[0], this.getXAxis() // .getGranularities()[0])); incrementBinData(timeBin, distanceBin, duration, distance, acceleration); relativeFromTime += relativeDuration; binDistanceStart = distanceBin + 1; } relativeFromTime = timeBin + 1; } } /** * Increase storage for sample data.
* This is only implemented for the time axis. * @param newUpperLimit DoubleScalar<?> new upper limit for the X range */ public abstract void extendXRange(DoubleScalar newUpperLimit); /** * Increment the data of one bin. * @param timeBin Integer; the rank of the bin on the time-scale * @param distanceBin Integer; the rank of the bin on the distance-scale * @param duration Double; the time spent in this bin * @param distanceCovered Double; the distance covered in this bin * @param acceleration Double; the average acceleration in this bin */ public abstract void incrementBinData(int timeBin, int distanceBin, double duration, double distanceCovered, double acceleration); /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final double getZValue(final int series, final int item) { final int timeBinGroup = xAxisBin(item); final int distanceBinGroup = yAxisBin(item); // System.out.println(String.format("getZValue(s=%d, i=%d) -> tbg=%d, dbg=%d", series, item, timeBinGroup, // distanceBinGroup)); final int timeGroupSize = (int) (this.getXAxis().getCurrentGranularity() / this.getXAxis().getGranularities()[0]); final int firstTimeBin = timeBinGroup * timeGroupSize; final int distanceGroupSize = (int) (this.getYAxis().getCurrentGranularity() / this.getYAxis().getGranularities()[0]); final int firstDistanceBin = distanceBinGroup * distanceGroupSize; final int endTimeBin = Math.min(firstTimeBin + timeGroupSize, this.getXAxis().getBinCount()); final int endDistanceBin = Math.min(firstDistanceBin + distanceGroupSize, this.getYAxis().getBinCount()); return computeZValue(firstTimeBin, endTimeBin, firstDistanceBin, endDistanceBin); } /** * Combine values in a range of time bins and distance bins to obtain a combined density value of the ranges. * @param firstTimeBin Integer; the first time bin to use * @param endTimeBin Integer; one higher than the last time bin to use * @param firstDistanceBin Integer; the first distance bin to use * @param endDistanceBin Integer; one higher than the last distance bin to use * @return Double; the density value (or Double.NaN if no value can be computed) */ public abstract double computeZValue(int firstTimeBin, int endTimeBin, int firstDistanceBin, int endDistanceBin); /** * Get the X axis. * @return Axis */ public final Axis getXAxis() { return this.xAxis; } /** * Get the Y axis. * @return Axis */ public final Axis getYAxis() { return this.yAxis; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public final JFrame addViewer() { JFrame result = new JFrame(this.caption); JFreeChart newChart = createChart(result); newChart.setTitle((String) null); addChangeListener(newChart.getPlot()); reGraph(); return result; } }